The Relay Testing Handbook: End-to-End Testing covers the most common Communication-Assisted Protection Schemes including the Permissive Over-Reaching Transfer Trip (POTT) Scheme. This bonus animation shows the steps involved for a POTT trip. End-to-end testers should understand how this scheme operates before they test it and this animation was created to help relay
The Relay Testing Handbook: End-to-End Testing covers the most common Communication-Assisted Protection Schemes including the Direct Under-Reaching Transfer Trip (DUTT) Scheme. This bonus animation shows the steps involved for a DUTT trip. End-to-end testers should understand how this scheme operates before they test it and this animation was created to help relay
Distance Protection (21) has many names (Line Protection, Line Distance Protection, Impedance Protection) and is one of the more complicated elements used in protective relaying. The Relay Testing Handbook series explains Line Distance Protection. This bonus animation was created to help relay testers understand distance relay principles. See if you can
End-to-End Testing can appear to be a daunting task. However, any relay tester can perform successful End-to-End Tests with a basic understanding of transmission line protection (or 21 impedance protection) along with some preparation before the testing is scheduled to begin. The first video in our end-to-end testing series, Transmission Line Protection
A reader recently asked a question about the forward and reverse directions described in the Directional Overcurrent Relay section of The Relay Testing Handbook series. I used electro-mechanical directional relays as an example, which may have been a mistake. Let’s take another look at the Directional Overcurrent (67) element from a
Line distance (21) protection is primarily used to protect transmission lines or other electrical equipment where the equipment’s impedance characteristic can be calculated or modeled with software applications. The protective relay calculates the ratio of measured voltage and current and uses Ohm’s Law to continually monitor the measured impedance while energized. The measured impedance
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